Content
- Monatomic anions
- Polyatomic anions
- Cations that lose an electron
- Cations that lose two electrons
- Cations that lose three electrons
- Cations that lose more than three electrons
The ions They are particles (atoms or molecules, that is, combinations of fields) whose electrical composition is no longer neutral from a combination in which it lost or gained electrons, modifying their endowment, and making it no longer equivalent to that of protons.
Thus, ions have a net electric charge that can be positive, in which case they are called cations (where the neutral atom has lost one or more electrons), or they can have a negative charge calling themselves anions (where they gained one or more electrons). At room temperature, the ions that have the opposite sign bind together strongly, starting from an ordered scheme that has a shape similar to that of a crystal.
The anions, in turn, they can be divided into those with a negative oxidation state (known as monatomic) and those whose oxidation state can vary in each atom, called polyatomic. The former are usually nonmetals whose valence was completed from a gain of electrons; polyatomics, for their part, are acids that lost protons or molecules that added electrons.
The following list exemplifies a series of anions that are prevalent in nature, highlighting the number of electrons they gain:
- Hydride Anion
- Oxide Anion
- Fluoride Anion
- Chloride Anion
- Bromide Anion
- Iodide Anion
- Sulfide Anion
- Oxoclorate (I) or hypochlorous anion
- Chloric trioxochloride (V) anion
- Dioxobromate (III) or bromous anion
- Tetraoxobromate (VII) or perbromic anion
- Oxoiodate (I) or hypoiodine anion
- Trioxosulfate (IV) or sulfite anion
The cationsOn the other hand, they are the positive ions characterized by having a deficiency of electrons in the outermost orbitals. Usually it is metals, although sometimes there are nonmetals that act as cations. The size of these cations is smaller than that of neutral atoms and anions, because the loss of electrons occurs specifically in the outermost part.
The following list shows some common cations, dividing according to the number of electrons lost in each case:
- Cesium cation
- Copper (I) or cuprous cation
- Lithium cation
- Potassium cation
- Cobalt (II) or cobalt cation
- Copper (II) or cupric cation
- Mercury (II) or mercuric cation
- Lead (II) or plumbous cation
- Nickel (II) or nickel cation
- Tin (II) or stannic cation
- Nickel (II) or nickel cation
- Magnanese (III) or manganous cation
- Chromium (III) or chromate cation
- Lead (IV) or lead cation
- Manganese (IV) or manganic cation
- Chromium (VI) or chromic cation
- Manganese (VII) or permanganic cation
- Tin (IV) or stannous cation
